Glomus Mosseae Research Articles

Нейросетевой анализ влияния внешних факторов на микроэлементный профиль и биомассу микрозелени Brássica júncea L.

Growing organic microgreens indoors requires a unified technological procedure with various external elicitors. The quality of seedlings depends on their ability to accumulate essential microelements. This research assessed the nutrient profile of mustard microgreens using the method of fractal calculation with repeating numerical series.
 The experiment involved mustard (Brássica júncea L.) of the Nika variety grown in a closed box for 15 days under aggregation with an intensive 16-h photocycle (440 µmoL m2/s). The plants were inoculated with the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. A solution of fulvic acids (100 mg/L) served as a stabilizing organic additive and was introduced into the coconut substrate. The physical treatment included weak static electromagnetic field with magnetic induction (20 mT). The elemental analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry on an ICPE-9000 device (Shimadzu, Japan).
 According to the calculated indices of the microelement biocomposition, the best result belonged to the sample treated with fulvic acids and weak electromagnetic field (IndBcomL = 0.27). The resulting biomass of dry powder for elemental analysis was 10.2 g, which was twice as high as the values obtained in the control sample, not subjected to any external influences (5.2 g). All the variants with mycorrhization produced no positive effect on the total pool of microelements during vegetation. 
 The increase in biomass averaged as low as 20%. Zinc increased by 33.3% while aluminum and iron decreased by 59.5 and 18.0%, respectively.
 The neural network analysis of the microelements in mustard microgreens proved effective as a mathematical model for biochemical diagnostics of biomass quality. The method could be used to optimize the biotechnological process for other indoor crops as it makes it possible to partially substitute mineral fertilizers with organic and bacterial complex.

Mitigating Salinity Stress in Pomegranate: Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus mosseae on Stress Responses of Red Angel and Wonderful Cultivars

Salinity stress is a major challenge in modern pomegranate orchards. The application of biofertilizers is a promising strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity stress and enhance the performance in pomegranates. This experiment was conducted in 2021 to investigate the effects of salinity stress (control, 4, and 8 dS/m) and inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus mosseae, either individually or in combination (Pf+Gm), on Red Angel and Wonderful pomegranate cultivars. The results revealed a significant difference in the percentage of symbiosis and colonization among the biofertilizer treatments. Pf+Gm exhibited the highest percentages of symbiosis and colonization, followed by P. fluorescens. While salinity levels did not significantly affect symbiosis percentage, they had a detrimental effect on colonization percentage. Furthermore, biofertilizer treatments significantly increased leaf density, stem growth, total chlorophyll, and total anthocyanin, while reducing ion leakage and salinity damage index. In comparison to the non-inoculated control, the Pf+Gm treatment resulted in a 53.2 % decrease in ion leakage for the Red Angel cultivar and a 39.9 % decrease for the Wonderful cultivar. Salinity had a significant effect on proline production, with the Red Angel cultivar exhibiting the highest proline content (2.09 µmol/g) in response to salinity stress of 8 ds/m. However, biofertilizer treatments increased proline content in both cultivars. In Red Angel, the Pf+Gm treatment resulted in the highest proline production in the leaves (5.82 µmol/g), which was 123 % higher than that of the non-inoculated control. Additionally, the transpiration rate decreased with increasing salinity levels, and biofertilizer treatments had varying effects on photosynthetic gas exchange and electron transport rate. The interaction effect of biofertilizer treatments and salinity on CO2 absorption was highly significant, with Pf+Gm treatment exhibiting the highest absorption (8.51 and 8.61 µmol/m2/s in Red Angel and Wonderful, respectively). These findings suggest that applied biofertilizer treatments, especially Pf+Gm, can be an effective strategy for alleviating the negative effects of salinity stress on pomegranate cultivation.

Study the yield and quality of bitter gourd fruit (Momordica charantia) in inoculation with two species of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer under different irrigation regimes

Drought is known to be the most important constraint to the growth and yield of agricultural products in the world, and plant symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be a way to reduce drought stress negative impacts. A two-year experiment to investigate the factorial combination of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Control) and phosphorus fertilizer (application and non-application of phosphorus) on fruit yield and phenolic acids changes bitter gourd under different irrigation regimes as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design. Three irrigation regimes, including irrigation after 20%, 50%, and 80% available soil water content depletion (ASWD), were considered in the main plots. The results showed that under water deficit stress, fruit yield and physiological (photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), RWC, total chlorophyll, and root colonization) parameters decreased compared to 20% ASWD, and biochemical (proline, soluble sugar, MDA, CAT, SOD, phenol) parameters and fruit phenolic acids (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid) increased. However, the inoculation of AMF and phosphorus fertilizer in three irrigation regimes decreased MDA content, but physiological and biochemical parameters and fruit phenolic acids were increased. In this study, the factorial combination of AMF and sufficient phosphorus improved the resistance of bitter gourd to water deficit, and this not only improved fruit yield but also increased fruit phenolic acids under 80% ASWD, which can be an innovation in the management of water resources and the production industry of medicinal plants with high antioxidant properties in water deficit areas.

Integrated approaches for heavy metal-contaminated soil remediation: harnessing the potential of Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu, Oscillatoria sp., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices), and iron nanoparticles.

In recent years, researchers have extensively investigated the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil using plants, microorganisms, and iron nanoparticles. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the individual and simultaneous effects of Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu, cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) including Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, and zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) on the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil containing chromium (Cr VI and Cr III) and nickel (Ni). The study found significant variations in parameters such as pH (acidity), electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and organic carbon (OC) among different treatments. The addition of cyanobacteria, AMF, and nZVI influenced these properties, resulting in both increases and decreases compared to the control treatment. The treatment involving a combination of cyanobacteria, AMF, and nZVI (CCAN25) exhibited the highest increase in growth parameters, such as total dry mass, root length, stem diameter, and leaf area, while other treatments showed varied effects on plant growth. Moreover, the CCAN25 treatment demonstrated the highest increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid levels, whereas other treatments displayed reductions in these pigments compared to the control. Moderate phytoaccumulation of Cr and Ni in P. elongata samples across all treatments was observed, as indicated by the bioconcentration factor and bioaccumulation coefficient values being less than 1.0 for both metals. The findings provide insights into the potential application of these treatments for soil remediation and plant growth enhancement in contaminated environments.

Coinoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia stimulates atrazine dissipation by changing the atrazine-degrading bacterial community at the soil aggregate scale

As a potential low-cost and environmentally friendly strategy, bioremediation of herbicide polluted soil has attracted increasing attention. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the response of the atrazine-degrading bacterial community to coinoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia for atrazine dissipation. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted with AM fungi Glomus mosseae (AM), rhizobia Rhizobium trifolii TA-1 (R) and their coinoculation (AMR) with atrazine. In each treatment, the atrazine-degrading bacterial community of four soil size aggregates, namely large macroaggregates (LMa), small macroaggregates (SMa), microaggregates (Mia) and primary particles (P) were investigated. The results showed that the atrazine residue concentration was lowest in AMR, and that in LMa was also significantly lower than that in the other smaller aggregate sizes. Overall, inoculation, the aggregate fraction and their interaction had significant effects on soil TN, SOC, AP and pH. For the atrazine-degrading bacterial community, the Chao1 index increased with decreasing particle size, but the Shannon index decreased. Moreover, the abundances of the dominant atrazine-degrading bacterial genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Marmoricola and Nocardioides in the Mia and P particle size groups were greater than those in the LMa and SMa groups in each treatment. The bacterial communities in the Mia and P particle sizes in each treatment group were more complex. Therefore, coinoculation of AM fungi and rhizobia stimulated atrazine dissipation by changing the atrazine-degrading bacterial community, and the response of the atrazine-degrading bacterial community to each aggregate size varied depending on its distinct soil physicochemical properties.

Propagation of mycorrhiza as biological fertilizer and its application on patchouli seedling in Andisols Bener Meriah

Mycorrhiza, functioning as a biofertilizer, have the capacity to improve soil fertility, including Andisols which is cultivated by patchouli. This research objective to produce mycorrhizal as a biofertilizer to increase the growth of patchouli. Additionally, the effect of mycorrhizal types on the seedlings of patchouli in Andisols was studied. Propagation mycorrhizae carried out the exploration of mycorrhizae on Andisols Bener Meriah, and the carrier was Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora, and a mixture of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp. and then the mycorrhizal biofertilizer was tested to patchouli seedling. The parameters observed in this study included the colonization of patchouli root, initial soil analysis, and patchouli seedling growth. The output in this study is a product in the form of a local specific strain of Bener Meriah biofertilizer. The results obtained have succeeded in the propagation mycorrhizal biofertilizers with the carrier Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora, and a mixture of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp. The highest 90% mycorrhizal colonization was found in the mixed mycorrhizal carrier Glomus mosseae + Gigaspora sp. The growth of patchouli seedlings increased, and the highest patchouli growth was observed the combination of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp. application

Effectiveness of inoculation types and dosages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of perintis chili variety (Capsisum annum L.) on entisol soil

This research aims to optimize the growth of a variety chili plants, so called perintis, as Aceh’s superior local chili variety, most of which are cultivated on entisol soil types. Entisol soil has low nutrient content and bound P elements which are difficult for plant roots to absorb. In this case, the symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with the roots of chili plants is attempted. This research used a 3x3 factorial randomized block design with factors including the type and dose of mycorrhiza. The results showed that the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA) type Gigaspora sp at a dose of 10 g−1 plant showed a significant interaction on chili plant height 35 DAP, while mixed mycorrhizal types between Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp at a dose of 10 g−1 show significant interaction on chili plant height 50 HST. The mycorrhizal type Glomus mosseae was the best in terms of colonizing the roots of perintis variants of chili plants.

Effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the energy metabolism of selenite-rich amaranth.

A series of pot trials were undertaken to examine the impact of four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), namely Glomus mosseae (G.m), Glomus etunicatum (G.e), Corymbiglomus tortuosum (C.t), and the combined application of Glomus etunicatum and Corymbiglomus tortuosum (G.e + C.t), on the energy metabolism of amaranth plants grown in soil enriched with selenite at a concentration of 0.5 mg kg-1 . The inoculation of four AMFs resulted in an increase in both amaranth biomass and selenium (Se) content in leaves. The activities of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase + 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were observed to decrease when AMFs were inoculated, as compared with the absence of AMF inoculation. The inoculation with G.m, C.t, and G.e + C.t resulted in an increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity; however, the inoculation with G.m, G.e, and G.e + C.t led to an increase in ascorbate oxidase activity. Furthermore, the inoculation of all four AMFs resulted in an increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity and the concentrations of oxidized coenzyme I (NAD) and reduced coenzyme I (NADH). The polyphenol oxidase activity of amaranth plants increased when inoculated with G.m and G.e, whereas it decreased when inoculated with C.t and G.e + C.t. Furthermore, the application of all four AMF treatments resulted in a reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and energy charge. It was worth mentioning that there was a clear inverse relationship between the energy charge and the biomass, Se concentration in the leaves. The findings presented in this research indicated that AMF may have an impact on energy metabolism and ultimately the biomass of amaranth by influencing the uptake of Se.

Physiological response and phytoremediation potential of dioecious Hippophae rhamnoides inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to Pb and Zn pollution.

Plant-microorganism combined remediation of heavy metal pollution has been reported, but little attention has been paid to the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on phytoremediation of dioecious plants under heavy metal pollution. In this study, the growth, physiological responses and phytoremediation traits of Hippophae rhamnoides were determined to evaluate whether sex-specific ecophysiological responses and phytoremediation capacities of females and males are affected by additional AM fungi (Glomus mosseae) under heavy metal treatments. The results showed that excess Pb and Zn stresses inhibited photosynthetic capacities of both sexes. However, inoculated AM fungi treatment increased the activity of photosynthesis, content of photosynthetic pigment, activity of superoxide dismutase, the content of proline and root Pb content and enrichment coefficient of males while decreased root Pb content of females under Pb stress. On the other hand, inoculated AM fungi treatment increased the photosynthetic activities and Pro accumulation of females, and activity of superoxide dismutase and transport coefficient of males under Zn stress. These results demonstrate that H. rhamnoides inoculated AM fungi showed significant sex-specific responses on the growth, physiological traits and phytoremediation potential to Pb and Zn stress. AM fungi significantly improved the tolerance of males to Pb stress and both sexes to Zn stress, which indicates H. rhamnoides and AM fungi can be used as a plant-microbial combined remediation method for Pb and Zn contaminated soil. More attention should be paid on sexual-specific responses and phytoremediation of dioecious plants to heavy metals in the future.

Response of Mung Bean (Vigna radita L.) to Fungal Inoculation (Glomus mosseae L. ) and Nano Chelating Zn Fertigation

Response of Mung Bean (Vigna radita L.) to Fungal Inoculation (Glomus mosseae L. ) and Nano Chelating Zn Fertigation

Genotypic variation of tomato to AMF inoculation in improving growth, nutrient uptake, yield, and photosynthetic activity

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) promote water and mineral nutrients uptake by plant roots, which can reduce the chemical fertilizer inputs in crop production. To gain better insight into the comparative effect of different strains of AMF in improving tomato performance at morphological and physiological levels, seedlings of two tomato cultivars (i.e., Better Boy and Roma) were inoculated with four strains of Glomus mosseae (i.e., HS 1–2, BEG 12, BEG 55, and BEG 54) under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that tomato growth and yield varied largely depending on the mycorrhizal strain and tomato cultivar, with wide variations in root colonization ranging from 5.30 to 78.63%. Overall, mycorrhization with BEG 54 showed significantly better tomato performance when compared to the BEG 55, HS 1–2 and BEG 12 strains. In the case of cultivars, Better Boy performed better than Roma cultivar in terms of growth, physiological traits, yield, and fruit quality. The highest plant height, dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, AMF colonization, yield, fruit juice, ascorbic acid, and titratable acidity contents were recorded in Better Boy cultivar while the highest stem diameter was found in Roma cultivar. Taken together, AMF colonization suggested a promising approach for large-scale tomato production by efficient absorption and utilization of nutrients, and encouraging plants’ symbiotic relationships with soil microorganisms.

Efficiency of some Biological and Chemical Agents in Controlling Common Scab Disease in Potatoes Caused by Streptomyces scabies

This study was carried out at the University of Anbar - College of Agriculture - Department of Plant Protection. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of using biological and chemical control agents such as Azotobacter chroococcum, Glomus mosseae and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 in controlling common scab disease on potatoes caused by Streptomyces spp. A study of its effect on reducing the severity of disease, evidence of scabies, and some studied parameters such as plant speed, plant diameter, plant diameter, and stem diameter Azotobacter chroococcum was superior to the rest of the treatments in reducing the percentage of infection severity and the percentage of evidence of scab, which amounted to (16.90 and 24.000), respectively, and an increase in the growth parameters of the crop, the speed of emergence, the height of the plant, the number of aerial stems, the diameter of the stem, the yield of one plant, and the total yield in tons, which amounted to (2.667%,41.111 6.000, 4.900, 1227.67, 7.00).

The Effect of Inoculation with Mycorrhiza Fungi and Organic Fertilization on the Content of Plant Nutrient-Absorbing and Heavy Elements of Chrysanthemum Calendula Officinalis L.

The experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy of the Department of horticulture and garden Engineering - Faculty of Agriculture-Tikrit University - during the agricultural season 2020-2021 in plastic pots and planting Chrysanthemum seedlings, the seeds of which were planted in Cork dishes on 10/1/2020, transferring seedlings to plastic pots with a diameter of 14 cm. When forming from 5-4 real leaves. 1-Use Two-level compost (with and without compost) manufactured from printing papers in a ratio of (1: 3), i.e. 3 paper compost and 1 soil. It will be served by an industrial batmoos with a ratio of (2-1). And mixed soil for (Control). 2-inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus of the type Glomus mosseae at two levels (with and without inoculation. 3-use chemical fertilizer with three levels (without fertilizer, half recommendation and full recommendation) It produces 18 transactions that are repeated three times to make 54 trial units. The results showed that inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi led to a significant increase in the dry weight rate and the relative chlorophyll content of the Chrysanthemum plant, the favorable increase for pollinated plants over non-pollinated plants was (32.3, 7 %) the increase in the absorbing elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (37, 37, 33.3 %) respectively, while inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi reduced the absorption of heavy elements by (45.7,60,40,16.6 %) for the elements zinc, lead, cadmium and arsenic respectively, The results showed the importance of inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi in increasing plant growth by increasing the efficiency of absorption of plant nutrients and reducing the absorption of heavy elements.

The Effect of Mycorrhiza Inoculation and Organic Fertilization on some Growth and Flowering Qualities of the Chrysanthemum Plant Calendula officinalis L.

The experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy - Faculty of Agriculture-Tikrit University - during the agricultural season 2020-2021 in plastic pots and planted Chrysanthemum seedlings, the seeds of which were grown in Cork dishes on 10/1/2020, the seedlings were transferred to plastic pots with a diameter of 14 cm when 5-4 of the real leaves were formed by 18 repeated treatments three times to make 54 experimental units using the following transactions : 1-inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus of the type Glomus mosseae at two levels (with and without inoculation). 2-using two-level compost(with and without compost) manufactured from printing papers in a ratio of (1: 3), i.e. 3 paper compost and 1 soil, Also an artificial ptomose was used with a ratio of (2-1). And mixed soils (for comparison treatment). 3-use chemical fertilizer with three levels (no fertilizer, half recommendation, full recommendation). The results showed that inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi led to a significant increase in the dry weight rate.

Combined Effects of Microbial Inoculation and Activated Carbon/Biochar on the Accumulation and Transfer of Nutrients and Potentially Toxic Metals in Maize Plants Grown on a Contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in a greenhouse pot experiment to assess the effects of biochar (BC) or activated carbon (AC) alone or in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae or acid-producing bacteria (BA) Bacillus polymyxa on plant growth, EDTA-extractable Cd and Pb, and contents of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, and P) in maize (Zea mays L.) grown on sewage wastewater contaminated soil. The results showed that most treatments with BC, AC, or its co-application with microbial inoculation led significantly to greater nutrient uptake and promoted growth of maize than non-treated plants. Additionally, the soil additives used decreased the amounts of EDTA-extractable Cd (by 28.7%-100%) and Pb (by 22.8%-94.3%). The applied treatments caused significant decreases in Cd concentrations and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Zea mays. The highest shoot Cd reduction was observed for AC (53%), followed by AC+BA (36.9%) > AMF (34.5%) > AC+AMF (28.5) > BA (28.3%) > BC+BA (26.1%) > BC (22.7%). However, more Cd was accumulated in the roots of plants treated with AMF by 63.7% with a lower value of translocation factor (TF) compared to control soil. In contrast, the treatments increased the levels of Pb in the maize plants, and BC coupled with AMF showed the greatest Pb accumulation. It could be concluded that the investigated additives can be applied as immobilizing agents for Cd in the soil but maize plants as phytoextractants for both metals in sewage-contaminated soil are not feasible, as indicated by insufficient phytoextraction efficiency.

Improvement of some growth indices of common bean using mycorrhiza and rhizobium under different levels of starter nitrogen fertilizer

To evaluate the effect of using mycorrhizae and rhizobium at different levels of nitrogen starter fertilizer on some important growth indices of a common bean cultivar, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 at Bu-Ali Sina University research farm. The factors included two bio-fertilizers of mycorrhizae (Glomus mosseae) and rhizobium (Rhizobium phaseoli) each one with two levels (used and non-used) and nitrogen starter fertilizer with three levels (0, 30, 60 kg ha−1) from urea as the third factor. The studied factors caused significant changes in growth indices. The maximums of leaf area index (5.9), total dry weight (860 g m−2) and crop growth rate (44 g m−2 day−1) were observed in the simultaneous application of both bio-fertilizers plus use of 60 kg ha−1 N. This superior treatment compared with no bio-fertilizer + 60 kg ha−1 N treatment increased maximums of LAI, TDM and CGR, 115, 68 and 60%, respectively. Also in superior treatment, the two indices of net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) on 60th day after planting were 25 g m−2 day−1 and 0.046 g g−1day−1, that were respectively 116 and 17% higher than no bio-fertilizer + 60 kg ha−1 N treatment. Therefore application of mycorrhiza and rhizobium simultaneously in addition to 60 kg ha−1 N as starter fertilizer is an appropriate treatment in common bean to maximize the growth indices.

The Effect of Inoculum with the Glomus mosseae and Palm Frond Detritus on the Yield of Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and the Ratio of Protein to Proline under Varying Irrigation Levels

This study aimed to determine the effect of Gloums Mosseae fungus and palm fronds detritus (compost) on the yield of millet crop (panicum miliaceum L.) and the ratio of protein to proline at various irrigation levels. A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields in the Sumer District of the Al-Diwaniyah Governorate during the summer of 2022. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in this experiment with three replications. The treatments were distributed randomly. Two levels of fungal inoculation (F1 = inoculation with Glomus Mosseae, F0 = control), three levels of compost (C1 = application of 3 tons of palm frond compost, C2 = application of 5 tons of palm frond compost, C0 = control) and three irrigation duration (R1 = irrigation every ten days, R2 = irrigation every fifteen days, R3 = irrigation every twenty days). The results present a significant increase in all the studied traits (grain yield, biological yield, grain protein content, leaf proline content) 2.408 t h-1, 17.926, t h-1 16.10%, 13.16%, and 1.617 mmol gm-1, respectively, compared to with the control treatments that resulted in the least values for the studied traits, respectively, 1.123 t h-1 10.099 t h-1, 8.62%, 6.66%, 0.807 mmol gm-1.

The Influence of Glomus Mosseae, Palm Frond Compost and Irrigation Duration on the Growth of Millet Plant (Panicum miliaceum L.) and on the Availability of Iron and Zinc in the Soil

To study the effect of inoculation with Gloums Mosseae inoculum, organic residues (palm fronds compost), and irrigation duration on the growth and availability of iron and zinc for millet plant Pamicum Miliaceum L., a field trial was carried out for the summer season 2022 in one of the fields of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate - Sumer district in sandy clay loamy soil. The experiment was implemented following a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental treatments were distributed randomly. They were: with and without fungal inoculum (F0 and F1), three levels of organic residue applications C0 = control, C1 = 3 tons of compost application, C2 = 5 tons of compost application, and three irrigation durations R1= Irrigation every 10 days, R2 = irrigation every 15 days, R3 = irrigation every 20 days. The results are summarized as follows: The results present a significant increase in all the studied traits, plant height, shoot dry weight, and iron concentration in the soil during the flowering and full maturity stages, except for the zinc concentration in the soil, which the increase was not significant. The values of these traits were 88.84 cm plant-1, 56.15 gm plant-1, 290.2 mg Fe kg soil-1, and 230.9 mg Fe kg soil-1, respectively, compared to the control treatment (no application + irrigating every twenty days) 50.62 cm plant-1, 23.53 g plant-1, 135.4 mg Fe kg soil-1,120.8 mg Fe kg soil-1.

The effect of biofertilization and organic fertilization and the interaction between them on the yield characteristics and components of the mung bean plant Vigna radiata L.

A field experiment was conducted in the fall season of 2022 in the village of Aday in Baquba District - Diyala Governorate, on the mash plant. Vigna radaita a local vegetable cultivar in clay soil in order to study the effect of biofertilization with Azotobacter chroococcum and Mycorhiza fungi (Glomus mosseae) and organic fertilization with humic acid and the interaction between them on the vegetative characteristics of the mung bean plant. The experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications. It included two factors, the first was biological fertilization, which included four treatments, namely (without addition, the addition of Azotobacter, the addition of Mycorrhiza, and the addition of Azotobacter + Mycorrhiza) and the second factor was organic fertilization, which included four concentrations of humic acid 0 and 3 And 6 and 9 ml.l-1. The following are the most important results that were reached: - The superiority of biofertilization treatment by adding Azotobacter and Mycorrhizae in the yield and its components, such as the number of pods, the weight of 1000 seeds, the yield of one plant, the overall yield, obtained, Azolobacter and mycorrhizae were introduced to the biofertilization process., 130.83 pods.plant-1, 29.26 gm., 35.57 g.m. plant-1, 2341.08 kg.h-1. - The treatment of organic fertilization with humic acid at a concentration of 9 ml.L-1 was superior in giving it the highest mean in the number of pods, the weight of 1000 seeds, yield per plant, overall yield, which reached 127.14 pod.plant-1, 27.76 gm., 36.2 gm. plant-1, 2221.2 kg.h-1. Keyword: Biofertilization, azotobacter, organic fertilization, humic acid, mycorrhizal, Vigna radiata.

Exploration of the Benefits of Biofertilizers for Attaining Food Security in Egypt’s Agriculture

Biofertilizers and biocontrol agents have been improved for several decades as microbiological tools that can provide beneficial outcomes in the growth and health of plants. Two field experiments were performed in the Scientific Farm of the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Egypt during the winter of 2022/2023 using clay loam soil. Control plots were treated with the recommended rates of mineral fertilizer of NPK (100%) without inoculation, while other plots were inoculated with Egyptian isolates of effective microorganisms (EMs) (a mixture of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium brasilense) and strains of Bacillus spp.; the biofertilizers were applied to the soil through mixing with irrigation water. For mycorrhizae, Glomus mosseae and Glamus fasiculatum isolation stock cultures were combined to create the mycorrhizal inoculum. The results showed that biofertilizers with 75% NPK were the best. Biofertilizers changed the properties of soil, increased its content of beneficial microorganisms, increased the total good quality production of onion and potato and decreased the stress of chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers on crop growth and productivity.